Téma: World problems, social problems

Predmet: Angličtina

Zaslal(a): JAMA

ENVIROMENTAL PROBLEMS

• They affect every country in the world and are predominantly caused by human activity

GLOBAL WARMING

• Rise of average global temperatures caused by the burning of fossil fuels
• Fossil fuels leads to greenhouse gasses being released into the atmosphere
• They caused depletion of ozone layer
• Rising global temperatures had consequences, including extreme weather conditions leading to floods, droughts, melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, ruined corps, animal extinction
• Fossil fuels let to water and air pollution -> important to invest in carbon-neutral means of energy production
• Renewable/green energy = wind, solar and wave power

ANIMALS ENDANGERED

• It has impact on biodiversity; destruction of ecosystems f.e. Amazon Rainforest has led to the extinction of certain species
• Animals become endangered or extinct due to hunting and poaching.
• Examples: snow leopard, the blue whale, and the Asian elephant
• Global charities and organisations: Greenpeace, World Wildlife Fund

NATURAL DISASTERS

• Earthquakes which are caused by the shifting of tectonic plates
• Tsunamis are caused by seismic activity such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, they can cause significant damage to coastal areas.
• Hurricanes are large storms that forms over the warm ocean waters
• Floods can by caused by heavy rains, melting snow and costal storms
• Wildfires are caused by natural or human factors such as lightning strikes, droughts, or arson

SOCIAL PROBLEMS 

• POVERTY
  • In developed countries
  • Those who live in poverty do not have access to essentials things like food money, clothes, education, suitable living conditions
• HOMELESNESS
  • This applies to people who cannot afford to pay rent, it follows that they don ‘t have a fixed abode.
  • After: leaving army, prison, having escaped from abusive relationship

• FAMINE
• • Issue that predominantly affects developing countries
  • Extreme hunger
  • 2 billion people suffering from famine worldwide

• DRUGS /SMOKING
• • Substance abuse, alcoholism or drug addiction is a problem that often affects people with mental health problems.
  • Smoking can cause medical conditions such as lung cancer
  • Drugs: light (marihuana, LSD..) /hard (heroin, cocaine)

• INCREASING POPULATION
• • Countries with highest population: India + China
  • There are currently over 8 billion people on the planet and is expected to reach 10 billion by year 2050
  • Problem of high birth rates is huge in developing countries where is limited access to contraception and birth control
• DESEASES
  • Curable / incurable / terminal
  • Hepatitis, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV

• HUMAN RIGHTS
  • Being violated across the world (Libya, N. Korea)

• RACISM
  • Discrimination based on colour of skin type
  • Apartheid

• UNEMPLOYMENT
  • Particularly disabled people and young people who have recently graduated
  • Don’t have experience
  • Rife in post-industrial areas
  • Nowadays as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic

• WARS AND CONFLICTS
  • Often have deep-rooted historical, political, and economic causes
  • Lead to displacement, loss development, loss life, destruction of infrastructure
  • Create economic instability, exacerbate poverty

• VIOLENCE
  • One in five women and girls between ages of 15–49 report experiencing physical or sexual violence.

• ORGANIZATIONS:
  • Greenpeace, Care International…

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 Téma: Crime and punishment

 Predmet: Angličtina

 Zaslal(a): km

Crime is an action, which is against the law. We have many types of crime. Crimes and their punishments are divided according to their importance. We have minor crimes and serious crime.  A minor crime is a criminal offense that is less serious than a felony. For example: traffic offences, breach of municipal regulations, and littering, public nuisance among others.

When someone commits a serious crime like murder, rape, burglary, arson,… the police start investigate it. They search for clues like fingerprints, blood stains, hairs,…  and witnesses. They are questioning suspects and when they have enough evidence, they arrest him. Then he goes to the court and stand trial. The trial takes place in a courtroom and a person who is on trial is called defendant.

The lawyers are known as the defence. The defence calls witnesses to give evidence. The prosecution tries to prove that the defendant is guilty. They call witnesses who give evidence against him. The jury listens to all the evidence and decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. They then give their verdict. If the defendant is found guilty the judge passes sentence. Sentence is official punishment, especially a period of time in prison. The highest punishment is death penalty, which is not allowed in Czech Republic. Then we have, life sentence, probation, which means, that the person doesn´t go to the jail, but he can´t do something even little against the law.

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 Téma: The Environment

 Predmet: Angličtina

 Zaslal(a): Natalia V.

We all know that pollution of our planet is a big problem nowadays. There are many problems: the exhaust fumes which can cause smog, and the greenhouse effect (=a global warming of our planet), which can cause the thaw of glaciers. People-farmers- are often using chemical fertilizers. There are also so many factories in the world, producing so much waste and polluted air. We are producing so much waste, so much plastic that it usually ends up in the oceans. All of this causes that animals-which were here before us- are sometimes on the edge of extinction. There are so many endemic species nowadays (there are only few pieces of the species left very often!). People already did so much damage on this planet. We are so used to our comfortable consume lifestyle and we often can’t even imagine all the damage.

But there still is hope-buying eco-friendly products, recycling, using and repairing old things etc. is becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. Here’s a list of things that we can do for a greener lifestyle:

Saving energy:

• Make sure our heating system is controlled with a programmer/ thermostat.
• Don’t leave electrical appliances on unnecessarily.
• Consider energy-saving light bulbs.

Choosing products carefully:

• Choose more expensive products, but with better quality-they usually last longer.
• Consider buying second-hand.

Cutting waste:

• Reduce the materials that we consume, we can for example choose refillable packaging
• Reuse, recycle as much as we can.
• Compost kitchen and garden waste.
• Return bottles when possible.

Saving water:

• Keep plumbing in a good condition.
• Switch to quick showers instead of baths.
• Collect rainwater for the garden.
• Reuse water-water from bath can be used to water the plants.

Transport action:

• Walk or cycle whenever you can.
• For longer journeys-public transport.
• Organise car sharing ways-trips, regular occasions.
• Try to drive energy efficiently-avoid fast starts, sudden braking, driving at very high speeds.

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Téma: Money

Predmet: Angličtina

Zaslal(a): Natalia V.

When you’re in the shop, they ask you, how do you want to pay, and you say I fit is in cash, by cheque or by credit card.

In a bank, you usually have a current account, which is one where you pay in your salary and then withdraw the money to pay your everyday bills. The bank sends you a regular bank statement telling how much money has gone in and out of your account. You may also have savings account, where you deposit any extra money that you have and only take money out when you want to spend it on something special. If you spend more than you have in your account, you can have an overdraft. The bank allows you to spend more and charges you and interest. If your account is overdrawn, you are in the red (opposite to in the black). Sometimes the banks may lend you money-this is called bank loan. If the bank (or the building society lends you money to buy a house, that money is called mortgage.

When you buy (or purchase) something in a shop, you usually pay for it outright but sometimes you buy on credit. Sometimes you can be offered a discount or a reduction on something you buy. For example you can get 100 crowns off cause you are a student. You are often offered a discount if you buy in a bulk. It’s not usual to haggle about prices in a British or Czech shop, but in Turkey for example, it’s normal. If you want to returns something that you bought to a shop, you may be given a refund, but on one condition-that you have a receipt.

The money you pay for services is usually called a fee or fees, the money you pay for journey is a fare. If you buy something that you think is a very good value, it’s a bargain. If you feel it definitely wasn’t worth it, it’s a rip-off.

The government collect money from citizens through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on what people inherit from others. Customs has to be paid on goods imported from other countries. VAT –value added tax– is a tax paid on most of the goods and services when they are bought or purchased. Companies pay corporation taxes. If you pay too much tax, you should be given some money back, a tax rebate.

The government also sometimes pays out money to people in need-unemployment benefit (also known as the dole), disability allowances and student loans. The recipients are on social security.

Every country has its own currency. Every day the rates of exchange are published and you can discover how for example dollar is standing to euro.

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Téma: Shopping

Predmet: Angličtina

Zaslal(a): Natalia V.

We know many different kinds of shops:

• Butcher´s – meat (pork, beef, chicken), ham, salami, cheese, minced meet etc.
• Baker´s – bread, rolls, buns, doughnuts, cakes, cookies
• Grocer´s – all kinds of food (milk, yoghurt, butter, cheese, soups, sugar, oil, drinks)
• Shoe shop – shoes, boots, sandals, slippers, trainers, socks, stockings
• Clothes shop – sweaters, T-shirts, shirts, jeans, tops, underwear, gloves, caps
• Off licence – liquors
• Bookshop – books, textbooks, dictionaries, calendars
• Florist´s – flowers, flowerpots
• Greengrocer´s-fruit and vegetables
• Chemist´s – shampoo, cosmetics, detergents, washing powder etc.
• Stationer´s – notebooks, pencils, pens, birthday cards
• Newsagent´s – newspapers, magazines
• Pharmacy (Chemist´s) – medicines, remedies, herbal tea
• Goldsmith´s – rings, bracelets, chains, watches

A typical shopping process

• We take a shopping basket or a trolley and go into the shop. There are lots of shelves with products so that we can choose what we want.
• In some shops (goldsmith´s or butcher´s) there are counters and the shop assistants show us and hand us the goods.
• In clothes shops there are changing rooms (fitting rooms) where we can try the clothes on. Then we go to the cash register.
• We can pay in cash or by card. After having paid we get a receipt that gives us a guarantee. If there is something wrong with the goods, we can take the goods back and get a refund.

Shopping malls

• For many people shopping malls are a place where they spend their free time. They have long opening hours and they are open at weekends.
• There are lots of shops concentrated in a big hall. Most of them are clothes shops and boutiques, some shops with jewellery, accessories and cosmetics. In most shopping malls you can find fast food stalls and cafés, children´s court and sometimes also a cinema.
• People often go window shopping there. (Window shopping is browsing shops when you do not want to buy anything. You are only watching.)

Advertising

• Advertisements are a part of our lives today. We can see them on TV, on billboards, in magazines, on the internet. Ads want to persuade us to buy something. They mostly cost a lot of money – that is why advertised products are more expensive. Advertisements are successful because people mostly choose a trademark which they know (from TV, radio, billboards). Lots of things are advertised: bank products, all kinds of goods, food, fast food restaurants, cars etc.
•  Some people think that billboards are dangerous because they attract attention of drivers and then, drivers do not concentrate on driving.
• Advertisements on TV are called „commercials“. Most TV stations put commercials between films.

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Téma: Housing and living

Predmet: Angličtina

Zaslal(a): Natálie V.

a) Where can people live?

• in flats (in block of flats), in bed-sits
• We know several types of houses:
  • a detached house: a house not joined to another one
  • a semi-detached house: two houses joined together
  • a terraced house: several houses joined together
  • bungalow – one storey house (preferred by old people because there are no stairs)
  • some people in the USA live in mobile homes (for example in Florida)

b) What kind of household chores do we have to do?

If we want our flat to be clean and tidy, we have to:

• dust the furniture, water the plants, hoover the carpets, mop the floor, clean the bathroom and toilet, do the washing, clean the windows, change the bed sheets, wash the curtains, take out the litter, do the ironing, wash up and dry the dishes (if we have no dishwasher).

c) What is a typical English house like?

• A typical English house is a terraced house or a semi-detached house. Most houses in England are made of stone or brick. There is no plaster on them. A typical English house is quite narrow and has two floors and no cellar. On the ground floor there is a hall, the kitchen and the living room. The kitchen often has a door which opens into the garden. Upstairs, there are two bedrooms, a bathroom and a lavatory. Stairs are usually carpeted the same as the rest of the house. There is a small garden at the front of the house and a larger one at the back. For most people garden is a place of relaxation, so there are flowers but no vegetables. Usually there is a garage at the side.
• In winter, houses in Britain are rather cold. The bedrooms are often not heated at all.
• In some households, the women have a resident help; this help is often a girl from abroad who wants to learn English (an au-pair girl).

d) What advantages and disadvantages are there in living in the country and living in towns?

• LIFE IN THE COUNTRY:
  • advantages: nature is beautiful because of woods, lakes and fields. It is quiet and the air is fresh. You can grow flowers and vegetables and keep domestic animals. The atmosphere in a village is friendlier, people know each other.
  • disadvantages: problems with transport:  in some places, buses operate only twice or three times a day, some places are accessible only by train. Lots of people have to commute to towns because there are few jobs in the country.  Shopping is mostly done in towns. Students have to commute to secondary school every day. There are few possibilities of cultural life.
• LIFE IN TOWNS:
  • advantages: there are lots of schools and shopping facilities, more jobs, better housing possibilities, , cultural and sporting facilities and hospitals. People often live closer to the place where they work.
  • disadvantages: people living in towns (especially in bigger cities) often have less time, live a busy and stressful life. There is a lot of noise, busy traffic, polluted air, sometimes also smog above the city. There are few green spaces, so people often go out to the countryside where they have their country houses and cottages.

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 Téma: The systems of government

 Predmet: Angličtina

 Zaslal(a): Natálie V.

UK

• United Kingdom is constitutional monarchy-it has queen as a head of the whole country. The queen is Elisabeth II. Since 1952. She represents the nation, but has mainly a ceremonial role, most of her functions are formal and symbolic. The crown is hereditary. The next one on the reign should be Charles, but it is generally thought that he will be skipped and William (his son) will be the next.
• The one with the main power is called Prime Minister. At the moment his name is Boris Johnson. Before him, there was Theresa May. He has official residence in 10, Downing street.
• Legislative power is represented by the two chambers in Houses of Parliament. The seat of UK’s Parliament is Palace of Westminster. Parliament consists of two parts: The House of Lords (upper chamber, nowadays about 700 members, chosen by queen) and The House of Commons (lower chamber, more powerful, 650 members, elected every 4-5 years).
• The executive power is represented by government and the Prime Minister. It is the organ that is holding responsibility for the governance of a state.
• Judicial power is based on a system of precedent (previous case that may be followed in similar cases) and common law and there is no written constitution.
• UK is also establisher of Commonwealth of Nations since 1931, they are independent but queen is a formal head of the states (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa).

USA

• United States is a federal presidential constitutional republic consisting of 50 states. The head of the state is president, at the moment his name is Donald Trump. He serves a 4year term, may be elected just twice. He’s also the head of federal government, which is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism and it consists of 3 branches:
• Legislative-represented by bicameral Congress, made up from Senate (100 members) and House of Representatives (435 members), makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties
• Executive-represented by the president, the Cabinet and the federal departments
• Judicial-appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate, consists of the Supreme Court that evaluates laws.
• Constitution is written = Bill of rights, it’s the oldest in the world which we still use.
• There are two main parties: Republican Party (considered to be central right or conservative) and Democratic Party (central left or liberal).

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 Téma: History of Great Britain

 Predmet: Angličtina

 Zaslal(a): a-mpytlikova

The Celtic Period (around 2 – 1000 BC – 43 AD)

• 1^st settlers were Celts, arrived at approximately 1 000, lived there during the Iron Age
• The Celts were pagans with priests known as Druids

Roman Britain (43 – 407 AD)

• Julius Caesar invaded southern Britain
• It became the Roman colony, called Britannia
• They set up their capital in London, they built cities in York, Bath, and Chester
• Romans brought Christianity to England, also education, social organization, urbanism
• They influenced the language: the names of towns end with -chester and -caster
• Hadrian’s Wall: was built by Romans as the protection of Celtic invasion (Hadrian)
• Romans were pushed out of Britain by the Germanic tribes at the beginning of the 5th century

The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th century – 1066)

• 3 German tribes invaded Britain – Angles, Saxons, Jutes
• In those days a Welsh hero king Arthur lived
  • He managed to pull a magic sword Excalibur from the rock, he lived in Camelot, his knights sat at the Round table – they were equal
• England was divided into 7 kingdoms
  • Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex
• Alfred the Great (9th century): Saxon king, a heroic warrior
  • very educated – wrote and translated books
  • 886: captured London from Danes, created a new nation and established a legal code

Feudalism (1066 – 15th century)

• King Edward the Confessor died
• Norman’s invasion in 11^th century
• 1066 Battle of Hastings
  • the Duke of Normandy William (the Bastard) defeated Saxon King Harold
  • He was proclaimed the king of England as William the Conqueror
  • England became a strong country

• Richard, the Lion-Heart (1189-99): spent a lot of time abroad on crusade expeditions
  • The famous outlaw Robin Hood lived in those days
  • Age of Crusades

Magna Charta Libertatum

• John (the Lackland) – Richard’s brother: in 1199 became the king
  • Lost almost all the English possessions in France
  • Magna Carta in 1215: limited the absolute power of the king
  • The oldest written constitutional document
  • Started the process of developing the parliamentary system
  • Gave some rights to the nobles
• 1265: House of Commons

The Hundred Year’s War (1337 – 1453)

• Huge conflict between England and France
• because of Flanders in France (important business territory)
• The English king claimed the French throne and some of the lands in France
• Divided into three stages (Edwardian, Carolin and Lancastrian)
• At the beginning Edward III (Br. T.) stood against Philippe VI (Fr. T.)
• 1346:The Battle of Crécy – victory of England
• 1356: The Battle of Poitiers – victory of England
• 1415: Batlle of Agincourt – victory of England
• Siege of Orleans – Joan of Arc
  • She led the French army (that she built) and set Orleans free
  • Captured by Burgundians and then she was burnt alive as a witch by English men
• 1453: The Battle of Castillon – England definitely lost, France became the winner of the war and kept almost all the lands
• The Black Death: a big epidemic of plague hit England and also most of Europe in 1348 and swept through the continent rapidly

The War of the Roses (15th century)

• lasted for 30 years
• the dynastic struggle for the possession of the crown
• between the House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose)
• Called “war of roses” because both of the houses had a rose in the coat of arms
• Richard III was killed (last king of House of York) in the battle of Bosworth Field
  • Lancastrian army with Henry Tudor defeated Yorks
  • Henry founded a new dynasty à the House of Tudor (lasted till 1603)
  • England became one of the leading world power

The Tudor Period (1485 – 1603)

• Leading power
• The English Reformation
• Geographical discoveries
• Industry and trade were prospering
• Britain defeated the Spanish Armada
• Henry VIII (1509-1547)
  • Best known for his six marriages
  • Wanted to divorce from his first wife – Catherine of Aragorn, because she hadn’t produced son
  • The Pope said no to this divorce
  • broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and founded the Church of England
  • Head of the Church of England
  • Anne Boleyn: second wife, daughter Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth I)
• Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)
  • Henry’s daughter, the last Tudor monarch
  • The Virgin Queen – she had never got married
  • The whole era is called the Elizabethan Age – the golden age of England
  • Time of discoveries, renaissance, and Shakespeare
  • England became a major sea power and prospered in many ways
  • Founding colonies in the new world
  • England defeated the Spanish Armada
  • During her reign England’s sailors captured many Spanish ships bringing treasure from America
• Mary Queen of Scots: the tension between them because of the English throne
  • Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, refused to recognize her as the rightful queen of England
  • Elizabeth let her executed

Stuart period

• James VI of Scotland
  • Son of Mary Stuart, the closest relative of Elizabeth I (after her death)
  • 1603: James crowned in England, Scotland was united with and England
  • King James I of England and also James VI of Scotland
  • -> For the next 100 years England and Scotland remained separate but were ruled by one monarch
  • 1707: The Act Of Union – Scotland was united with England

Civil War (17th century, 1642-1651)

• Caused by a power struggle between parliamentarians and royalists
• king believed that the monarch had absolute power, Parliament disagreed
• the result of the war was the execution of the king in 1649
• 1651: battle of Worcester
• Oliver Cromwell: leader of parliamentary army, established a republic, Lord Protector
• 1660: the monarchy was restored by King Charles II who succeeded to the throne
• 1688: Glorious revolution – confirmed sovereignty of Parliament (strengthened in the 18^th century)

Industrial Revolution (19th century)

• 1805: the Battle of Trafalgar à Britain led by Admiral Nelson defeated French and Spanish
• 1815: Napoleon lost at Waterloo and Britain strengthened it’s position as the leading world power
• Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901)
  • The Victorian Age: second half of the 19^th century, full of great changes and reforms
  • caused great social changes in Britain
  • many people in cities, work in factories, creating an urban working class which was often very poor
  • many people died from diseases caused by poor hygiene and housing
  • during that time the British Empire doubled in size
  • technological innovations – steam engine by James Watt

World War I (1914-1918)

• British economy became weaker, suffered huge casualties and economic losses
• ended in victory for the Allied Powers
• positive result was the right to vote given to the British women
• 1921: Ireland became independent
• 1929: the Wall Street Exchange Market collapsed and started the great economic depression of 1930’s (caused by the overproduction of goods)

World War II (1939-1945)

• The biggest British personality of this period was the prime minister sir Winston Churchill
• 1938: British prime minister Chamberlain, France and Italy signed the pact with Hitler in Munich allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland in Czech republic and later the rest of Bohemia and Moravia
• Summer 1940: the air battle – Battle of Britain gone down into history
• many of British pilots were from Czechoslovakia and became British national heroes

Post-World-War period

• Great Britain was one of the founding members of OSN and NATO
• Country gained political and financial stability

21^st Century

• 2020: Brexit
• the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union
• this step was based on the result of the referendum in June 2016, in which voters chose to leave EU (with the winning score of 51.9)

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Téma: Travelling, transport and tourism

Predmet: Angličtina

Zaslal(a): Jan Lapuník

There are many reasons why people travel. The fact is that for many of us travelling is a true hobby.

People travel to visit places that are close or far away, they travel for fun or from necessity. Travelling takes up more time in our lives than most of us imagine. Every day we must travel to school, to work or visiting friends. There are two ways of travelling: one is using our own means of transport and the other is to rely on the public transportation services.

Progress of traveling

These days, people travel much more than they did in the past. There are new means of transport, cars and planes have become faster and tickets are cheaper so more and more people can afford to travel to faraway places.  Travel has never been easier than today. If you have enough time and money you can get almost everywhere.

Reasons to travel

When travelling you come across various people, learn about their culture and habits, maybe learn a foreign language, taste foreign cuisine and compare life in those countries with that in your own country. Most people like visiting sightseeing like castles, palaces, ruins of castles, churches etc. which is another reason for travelling. Getting-to-know other countries undoubtedly broadens horizons.

The ways of travelling

Land offers the greatest variety of means of transport. There are motor road vehicles and bicycles on the one hand and rail on the other. As personal vehicles, motorcycles and cars are the most popular. There are also other means of transport on four wheels – buses and trolleybuses. Of rail vehicles, which are almost designed for public use, we could mention trains, trams, and the underground. In cities, transport is provided by different means such as buses, trolleybuses, trams, taxis and even underground or city trains. Travelling by bus can sometimes be rather uncomfortable but it has constantly been improving.

There are many ways of travelling. The most primitive one and maybe the cheapest is travel on foot. Longer walk in the surroundings or a trip can be called travelling. For shorter distances the bike is a good means of transport as it´s relatively quick, economical and environment-friendly.

The car is, by far the most popular means of transport. Cars and motorbikes are expensive to purchase and people also have to pay for petrol, which costs a lot of money. For short and middle distances a car is fast enough so as not to get too tired by travelling, unless we get into a traffic jam. The best thing about cars is that they will take you almost anywhere at any time. Modern cars with soft seats and a lot of space for the legs are sometimes even more comfortable than the interior of a plane.  To get a driver’s license one must know how to drive and know the traffic rules well.  As roads have improved, the number of cars has also risen, and this has led to more road accidents. Roads are often crowded with cars and lorries and bikers.

The most frequent public means of transport are buses and trains. The network of bus and train stops covers most inhabited places. Public transport is cheaper, but also less comfortable.

Going by air is still pretty expensive but is the fastest way of travelling. An air ticket ensures us a comfortable seat on the plane which can fly us to any place in the world within a few hours. The air transportation system is strictly dependent on the timetable. At the airport we go through the passport control and security check, have our luggage (which has a limited weight of course) checked and then wait until the plane is ready for take-off. When we are lucky and our flight is neither cancelled nor postponed we can look forward to a safe landing on the runway of another airport.

On oceans and seas, there are various oceans liners, luxurious steamers and tankers transporting oil, corn and other goods. The main fact that speaks for water transport is the relatively small costs. Ferries, ocean liners and other steamboats take quite much time to carry you to the place of destination. The advantage is, that you can take more luggage.

Hitchhiking is a very special way of travelling. It´s mainly used by the young who do not need so much comfort, do not have so much money and are not afraid of taking risks. They are seen on motorways thumbing a lift or waiting at laybys for drivers who are willing to give them a lift.

Travelling without an agency

When travelling on vacation we should look for accommodation. In the first place there are hotels and motels which are different in price and comfort. Before our arrival we should make a reservation, book a room in such a hotel. We can get bed and breakfast or full board at a daily or weekly rate. The motels are situated mostly by the roads. The guest can park his car at the door of his own room. A special kind of accommodation for young people are youth hostels, where it is possible to stay overnight at a low rate but only for limited times. Some tourists prefer to stay at a farm or they rent a room on their own.

Travelling with an agency

If we prefer not to travel alone, we can take advantage of the services offered by travel agencies, who will usually take care of all our needs. They will take care of our accommodation, transportation, health insurance, accident and baggage insurance. It is very important to have a valid passport. It is also good to get an international health insurance card.

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 Téma: Mass Media

 Predmet: Angličtina

 Zaslal(a): Jan Lapuník

Mass media are the form of mass communication through channels. Communication is a process of sending and receiving information. To communicate means to get across some sort of message. There are different sorts of messages as for example letters, pictures, books, music or e-mail.

We mainly use verbal communication which include written and oral communication. But also nonverbal communication (body language or gestures), visual communication (the use of images or pictures, such as painting and photography, video or film), electronic communication (telephone call, electronic mail, television or satellite broadcasts).

Today the electronic communication is very important. The mobile communication has been developing rapidly. Everybody has got a smart phone and it is very useful because you are accessible everywhere.

The most common types of mass communication:

• Newspapers
• Journals
• Magazines
• Television
• Radio
• Internet and social media

NEWSPAPERS

• = the oldest kind of communication
• Papers can be dailies or weeklies
• The daily press is still playing an important role in these days. It informs its readers about the latest news in political, cultural and economic life. The papers give us sports results, interviews with famous personalities and also political issues from both inside and outside of the country.

In the newspaper we can find different sorts of articles

• Economics
• Politics
• Social life
• Sports

Disadvantage:

• Even though some people may prefer internet because the papers are not flexible and you can’t read the latest news there.

There are 2 main kinds of the newspaper:

• Broadsheets (qualities, serious newspapers)
• • The text is serious, reliable and unemotional
  • Big pages, not too many photos, more details and facts, difficult language, longer articles, nearly about everything (policy, culture, money, …)
  • USA (USA Today, New York Times, Washington Post)
  • UK (The Times, The Telegraph, The Independent)
• Tabloids (popular newspapers)
• • Not much serious news, dramatic headlines
  • Smaller pages, plenty of photos, short articles
  • They are more popular than broadsheets
  • USA (US Weekly, Star Magazine)
  • UK (The Daily Mirror, The Sun, The Express)

MAGAZINES

• Magazines provide entertainment or information. They are published weekly, fortnightly, monthly. This is the main reason why they cannot give the readers fresh daily news.
• There are 2 main kinds of magazines:
  • Journals
    • Deal with specialized issues of one particular field
    • Only a limited number of readers who are interested in
    • Information is given by experts such as doctors, engineers, economists, …
  • Hobby magazines
    • A number of photographs
    • More attractive than newspapers
    • Magazines for: nature lovers, gardening, fashion, animals

TELEVISION

The broadcast TV was important because people could see images and sounds. Television brings us peace, entertainment, education and news. There are public service stations targeted at more demanding viewers and commercial stations which are less serious and there is a lot of advertising.

Sorts of TV channels:

• Public national channels
• • Financed from charge, which we pay for each TV box
  • Main goal – inform and educate people
• Commercial private
• • Financed by advertising
  • Satellite channels, cable channels
  • We must pay a monthly charge if we want to watch these channels

UK – main broadcaster is the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Channels BBC One and Two are public Broadcasting channels, paid for by license fees

SR – STV, TV Joj, Joj Plus, TA3

Radio and TV are sources of information, education, and entertainment. We can listen or look at these:

• The latest news – current affairs, foreign and home affairs, political, business and sport news
• Music programmes – live concerts, top of the pops
• Children programmes – bed-time stories, cartoons
• Films – romantic, detective, historic, etc.
• Different series
• Discussion programmes – political commentaries, political negotiation
• Live broadcasts – live telly-cast from different places

RADIO

• Even nowadays, even if people prefer watching TV, its popularity is still great. People who listen to the radio are called hearers.
• Advantages:
• • You can take it nearly anywhere you want
  • Not expensive
  • Used for listening to music
• Disadvantages:
• • You can’t see the “moving pictures”

There are local radios and lots of specialist station for example with a view to a classical music, rock music or sport. Most people are too busy to watch TV during the day, but they can turn on their radios when cooking, driving or working.

THE INTERNET

• The internet is about to become medium number one. It has been developed in the USA where there is also the highest population od computers at home, at schools as well as in offices. It’s very important, especially for young people, no business nowadays can exist without computer technology. You can travel across the whole world just sitting at your desk.
• Advantages:
• • Very fast
  • Worldwide
  • Lots of information
  • Chatting on social media
  • Mailing
  • E-banking and internet shopping
• Disadvantages:
• • Time-consuming
  • Expensive
  • Cyber-bullying
  • Abusive

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